The Yellow River
MWR 2004-08-02 The Yellow River rises on the northern slopes of the Bayankela Mountains of Qinghai and traverses nine provinces or autonomous regions including Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong. The river falls 4,450 m over a length of 5,465 km, draining an area of 795,000 km2. In its upper reaches it flows through swamps and grasslands of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. The river runs to the south before leaving Inner Mongolia to form the boundary between Shaanxi and Shanxi and, after a sharp turn to the east, it flows across the North China Plain to ors delta on the Bohai Sea. A notable feature of the Basin is the largest loess deposit in the world. Because of intense soil erosion form this area; the Yellow River far exceeds any of the world's large rivers in terms of annual sediment transport. In its lower reach, over a length of some 800 km, the river becomes a broad meandering channel contained by flood embankments and here the river drops part of sediment load and the bed rises above the surrounding land at a rate of one meter every ten years. Some 6 million ha are irrigated by the Yellow River, of which about 3 million are irrigated form the lower reaches in the North China Plain. The Basin is typically divided into three main regions. The upstream region from the source to Hekouzhen, where the river turns to the south as it leaves Inner Mongolia, drains an area of 428,000 km, the middle region from Hekouzhen to huanyuankou, at the head of the lower floodplain, covers 345,000 km. The lower region from huayuankou to the sea has an area of 22,000 km, uniquely constrained by the fact that the river is above the floodplain and drainage proceeds away from it. A much larger area outside of the basin is dependent on the river for its water. The basin's climate is characterized by hot summers, with temperatures reaching 40C, especially in the northern deserts, and dry cold winters with normal minimum temperatures of ¨C15C in the north and ¨C7C closer to the sea.
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